- >>
- OPINION
So narrowly focused are we on the pandemic that two environmental milestones have gone unnoticed.
One, the 50th Earth Day has come and gone on the 22nd of April, 2020: did any one even notice amidst the collective delirium of beating pots and pans and lighting diyas?
Two,on January 23, 2020, the Doomsday Clock in Washington DC ( which calculates the time remaining for the seventh global extinction) was moved to 100 seconds to midnight ( the zero hour).
So imperiled is the future of our planet, and so rapid the environmental destruction, that scientists have removed the minute hand and the countdown now is in seconds. Not only are the sands of time running out, they are running out faster than we had anticipated.
COVID 19 may be an indication that the after- burners of Armageddon have been ignited. Notwithstanding Whatsapp conspiracy theories, there is a near unanimous global consensus among scientists ( Mr Nitin Gadkari does not count as one) that this is a zoonotic disease, i.e. that it has been transmitted from animals to humans, like Ebola, SARS, MERS, NIPAH etc.
Equally, there is now an emerging consensus that zoonosis is becoming more rampant because of the ruthless and widespread destruction of natural habitats. The National Geographic in a 2019 report establishes a definite link between COVID and planetary depredation: "Rampant deforestation, uncontrolled expansion of agriculture, mining and infrastructure development, and exploitation of wild species have created perfect conditions for spillover of diseases from wildlife to humans.... There is an inextricable link between human health and the health of the planet, its ecosystems and its non-human living creatures."
How strong can this link be when we extinguish about 2000 species every year, and have driven almost one million species to the point of near extinction? The resurgence of nature during these last few months only underscores the point that the natural environment should be given a chance to recoup, to repair itself; that there must be social distancing between natural habitats and human activities too; that forests, rivers, wetlands, mangroves, mountains must be left undisturbed so that the wild life in them do not come into conflict with humans, so that the estimated 1.97 million viruses still undetected in the wild do not further spill into human spaces.
Most countries are beginning to absorb this scientifically undeniable truth, but not India.
Our current stock of leaders, focused exclusively on a five trillion dollar economy and winning in 2024, are taking the country down the path to destruction. Even before the pandemic India was the fourth worst performing country in the Environmental Performance Index, at 177 out of 180 countries.
But instead of using this man made calamity to review its environmental approval policies it has seized the opportunity to further devastate our remaining natural habitats and to give a free hand to industry to plunder them for maximising profits.
The long lock down has been a blessing for the Ministry of Environment and Forests which has become unarguably the biggest threat to our natural environment today. This was a period to have suspended all environmental approvals because the prescribed process- site visits, detailed ground surveys, public hearings, consultation with experts and stakeholders- cannot be possible in a locked down environment.
But, in a perversity not expected of a responsible government, this is exactly when the MOEF and its subsidiary NBWL ( National Board for Wildlife) have decided to fast track approvals through video conferencing. Cases which took days to examine and deliberate upon are now disposed off in ten minutes, invariably in favour of the project proponents.
At just one meeting on the 7th of April 2020- in the middle of the lockdown- the NBWL Standing Committee cleared 31 proposals in just a few hours; these include 15 projects that hugely affect Tiger reserves, elephant reserves and other Protected Areas.
With lightening speed the MOEF too accorded its approval within a week on 15th April, probably to forestall any legal challenges. None of these projects were subjected to the rigours of a proper environmental approval process.
Among the projects approved just during the lock down are the following major ones:
* A railway bridge through the Kawal tiger reserve in MP.
* A highway in Goa through the Mollar Wild Life Sanctuary.
* Nagpur- Mumbai super highway involving the felling of 32000 trees.
* Transfer of 700 ha of forest land in Rajaji National Park in Uttarakhand for organising the Kumbh Mela next year.
* A virtual green nod for the 3097 MW Etalin HEP in the pristine Dibang Valley of Arunachal Pradesh. This means the transfer of 1150.08 ha of forest land and the slaughter of 270000 trees. The valley is a priceless bio-diversity hotspot containing the following species: plants(413), butterflies(159), spiders(113), amphibians(14), reptiles(31), birds(230), mammals(21, including tigers).
* Coal mining over 98.59 ha of forest land in the Dehing Patkai Elephant Reserve in Assam. One of India's last remaining tropical forests, this reserve is home to 600 elephants, 40 mammal species, 300 bird species, 100 types of orchids, 150 butterflies and 40 types of reptiles. What is astounding is that Coal India has been mining this area illegally, without any approvals, for the last fifteen years, and its criminality has now been condoned with this permission!
* The Karnataka Wild Life Board on 20th March cleared the hugely destructive Hubbali- Ankola railway line through the fragile Western Ghats. This will involve diversion of 595.64 forest land and 184.60 ha of wetlands, and the felling of 220000 trees. No attention has been paid to the earlier Kasturirangan and Gadgil reports on declaring the WG as an eco-sensitive zone, or the fact that these forests are the source of 65 rivers, or that the ghats are the habitat of 2500 species of plants and animals, or that a much more environment friendly alternative route was available. Even more shocking is the fact that this project had been rejected twice earlier by two expert committees of the National Wild Life Board.
* The Rs. 20000 crore Central Vista project in the heart of Delhi has been accorded environmental and land use change approvals with extraordinary speed; even the Supreme court, as is expected these days, has given it its nod. An ill conceived monument to one man's vainglory, the project will demolish history, heritage, culture and the environment of the world's most polluted city in one fell swoop. Non govt. experts say it will result in removal of 2000 trees, reduction of green area by 9% and diversion of at least 65 acres of public use land for govt. offices. 25 acres of the Yamuna flood plains will also be diverted. This is folly and insanity on a megalomaniac scale at a time when cities across the world are trying to create more green lungs and public spaces for their citizens.
It is evident from this doomsday list that the state governments are just as culpable and uncaring as the union government. And they will no doubt welcome also the MOEF's latest assault on the few remaining environmental regulations: the proposed amendments to the Environment Protection Act. Notified on 12.3. 2020, these draft amendments will rip the heart out of this legislation. It proposes, inter-alia:
[1] A post facto grant of approval to an EIA ( Environment Impact Approval) if one had not been obtained earlier! This not only legalises a criminality but also flies in the teeth of judgments of the Supreme Court and the National Green Tribunal which had strongly disapproved of this idea.
[2] A project developer who has violated any environmental condition or rule can now simply compound his illegality by paying a fine. There will now be no deterrence left.
[3] Public consultations and hearings, which are a lengthy process, have now been limited to a maximum of 40 days. This is patently ridiculous because most major projects are located in remote areas where it takes two weeks even to deliver a notice to someone. This clause is designed to stifle the voices of local populations and to deny them an opportunity to oppose a project.
[4] Even worse, certain types of projects have been completely exempted from the need of conducting any public hearings: chemical fertilisers, metallurgical units, pesticides, petroleum, graphite, synthetic chemicals, Effluent treatment plants, bio-medical waste treatment, all building and construction projects, highways, irrigation projects, power transmission lines. Anyone can see that these are among the most toxic and environmentally damaging types of industries, but they are proposed to be given a free run.
Scientists, environmentalists, wild life researchers, enlightened citizens have all protested against this surreptitious move to smuggle through a retrograde piece of legislation at a time when various restrictions make it impossible for people to travel, meet, consult or debate and have asked the MOEF to defer the exercise till normalcy returns.
The government, however, is not listening and is determined to drive in this final nail in our ecological coffin. Ironically, this is happening precisely when 30 major countries recently met at the 11th edition of the Petersburg Climate Dialogue on April 27-28, to discuss how to move to a greener trajectory of development in the post pandemic era.
The issue is no longer about "maintaining a balance" between nature and development, it is now about "correcting and restoring" the balance in favour of the former. But we of course were in a state of mental lock down.
There is by now more than enough incontrovertible evidence to tie together habitat destruction, climate change, zoonotic diseases and the current pandemic. It was to find a way out of this vicious cycle that the Petersburg conference was held. But these concerns are just not on the government's list of priorities. In just the last one month we have had one heat wave, two cyclones and one locust swarm, all linked to climate change: one wonders what more the government needs to wake up from its slumber.
This pandemic should have been an opportunity to move towards a " green development" model but the government is using it to further push back the boundaries of natural habitats, endanger hundreds of species, create more human-animal conflict, and prepare the ground for the next pandemic.
